Chapter 6

Chapter 6.1 Sexual Reproduction in Man

Reproduction is the biological process where new individuals are made from older ones.

Organisms reproduce by:

1. Asexual
2. Sexual

Male and Female Reproductive system (Primary Characteristics)

PUBERTY

On average, girls begin puberty at ages 10–11; boys at ages 11–12. (Onset)

Male:

• Growth of body hair, including underarm, abdominal, chest, and pubic hair. Loss of scalp hair androgenic alopeciacan also occur.
• Greater mass of thigh muscles in front of the femur, rather than behind it as is typical in mature females
• Growth of facial hair
• Enlargement of larynx (Adam's apple) and deepening of voice
• Increased stature; adult males are taller than adult females, on average
• Heavier skull and bone structure
• Increased muscle mass and strength

Female:

• Growth of body hair, most prominently underarm and pubic hair
• Greater development of thigh muscles behind the femur, rather than in front of it
• Widening of hips; lower waist to hip ratio than adult males
• Smaller hands and feet than men

--------

Physiology of Erection and Ejaculation:

1) Arterioles bringing blood to the penis and its erectile tissue dilate.

2) Blood begins  entering the erectile tissues and fills up the blood spaces in the erectile tissue.

3) Penis becomes turgid.

4) Epididymis contracts

5) Semen is released

----------

This topic is a rather wide one so i am going to keep the summary short so it shall be a summary within a summary.

------------

Menstrual Cycle

There are 3 main stages in the Menstrual cycle:

1. Menstruation-Follicular Phase---Day 1-14
2. Ovulation--Day 14
3. Luteal Phase

-------

Copulation & Fertilization

Copulation refers to the process of placing the male genitalia into the female reproductive tract.

----

Fertilization is the process involving the fusion of male and female gametes to form the zygote. This process restores the diploid number of chromosomes.

RECAP: SPERMS AND OVUMS are gametes and contain only haploid number of chromosomes.

=================================================

Chapter 6.2 Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

This refers to disease being transmitted via sexual intercourse.

Examples include: Syphilis, Gonorrhea and the prominent AIDS.


Note: The disease can only be passed to another individual if he/she has experienced copulation with an INFECTED individual. Blood transfusion is also possible.


----------------------------

Now comes the important part. So how do we prevent STIs?

We can:

practice abstinence

wear condom

abstain from drugs

use sterilized equipments


==================



Chapter 6.3 Issues on Sex


Family Planning:

Poor Family planning can lead to unwanted pregnancies.

Consequences:
Abortion
Financial cost
Individual aspirations being sacrificed

-------

Premarital Sex:

Refers to sexual intercourse between a couple who are not married.
Results in unwanted pregnancies.
Infected with STIs.


Options for Teenage pregnancies:

Have Baby
Or 
Abortion

--------------

Birth Control:

Temporary:

Hormonal: Pill, Implanting Hormones

Barrier:Condom, Diaphragm

Chemical: Spermicide

Natural: Rhythm, Withdrawal

Permanent:

Surgical: Vasectomy, Ligation

------------

Facilitated Reproduction

In-vitro Fertilization

======================